Robert J Art Why Western Europe Needs the United States and Nato

This chapter explores the early on days of the English language colonies, when the rights of Catholics were not respected, to the terminate of the nineteenth century.

Cecil Calvert
(1606 - 1675)

The English colonies were founded at the same time the Church was persecuted in England. Virginia colonists were members of the English Church; in New England the colonists were Calvinists. Catholics were not permitted in these colonies. Catholics were excluded from the Dutch colony in New York and the Swedish settlement of Delaware besides.

In 1683 James II appointed Thomas Dongan governor of New York and religious liberty was granted to all. The Jesuits built a Cosmic chapel in New York Metropolis, and established a Latin school there in 1685. By 1700, laws confronting Catholics were again put into place. Catholics of New York had to travel to Philadelphia as tardily every bit the Revolutionary War to participate in Mass and receive the sacraments.

2. Was religious freedom permitted in Maryland?

Yes. A Catholic colony was settled in Maryland by Cecil Calvert in 1634. A church and schoolhouse were built as Catholic settlers arrived, accompanied by Jesuit priests. They permitted religious freedom to others and, as a outcome, Protestants obtained control of the colony. The English language Church was then established and Catholics were denied their correct to vote. The religious freedom of Catholics in Maryland was so restricted until after the Revolutionary War.

3. Were Catholics given freedom in Pennsylvania?

Yes. Under William Penn, the Quakers in Pennsylvania permitted Catholics to do their faith. In 1730 the Church was given greater security when a Jesuit, Fr. Joseph Greaton, settled in Philadelphia and had St. Joseph'due south Church built. When Catholic emigrants came from Germany, they besides congenital churches. By the stop of the French and Indian War at that place were just 7,000 Catholics in the English colonies. Most of them lived in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

four. Summarize the development of Catholicism in other parts of the New World.

The Capuchins built a chapel in New Orleans in 1721, just three years afterwards the city was founded. They opened a school for boys. The French king gave the Ursuline sisters permission to settle in New Orleans and they opened the showtime convent in the U.s.. They built a hospital, an orphanage, and a school for girls.

Fr. Pierre Gibault left the seminary at Quebec, Canada, and came to labor for the Church building in Vincennes, Makinac, Detroit, and Peoria. The priest blessed the first church in St. Louis in 1770. He made information technology possible for George Rogers Clark to proceeds possession of the great Northwest for the U.s.a., which included what is now Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Attempts to colonize Florida failed at first considering of the hostility of the Indians. Early missionaries did not succeed, even though as early on as 1528 Fr. Juan Juarez, a Spanish Franciscan, was appointed bishop of Florida. He disappeared mysteriously. In 1549 a grouping of missionaries landed nigh Tampa Bay and within a few days all were savagely killed by the Indians.

Philip II in 1565 sent Admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles, a leading naval leader of the Spanish Empire, to establish a colony in Florida. Twelve Franciscans and four Jesuits went with him to convert the Indians. Sailing along the Florida declension on August 28, 1565, Admiral Menendez saw an ideal peninsula and ordered the boats to drop anchor. On September eight he proclaimed the founding of St. Augustine considering the peninsula was found on the saint'south banquet day. missionaries spread out from St. Augustine to catechumen the Indians, with many priests losing their lives as the new, advancing civilization was resisted past the Indians.

Missionaries were determined to bring Christianity to Florida and and then the priests who lost their lives were always replaced, and gradually St. Augustine developed and the new colony grew. The countryside became peaceful equally missions and monasteries were founded throughout Florida and most of the Indians north of the Gulf of Mexico and eastward of the Mississippi River converted to the Catholic Church building.

The French Huguenots then appeared and raided Castilian Catholic Indian settlements. Missionaries and the faithful were put to death with extreme cruelty. The British, who had been colonizing in the north, too began to destroy Castilian gains.

Governor Moore of South Carolina in 1704 directed a raid of the Apalachee Mission, valuable for food supplies. Franciscan missionaries were put to decease; 1,400 Indians were taken into slavery past the English governor and 800 Cosmic Indians were killed.

Weakened, the Spanish signed the Treaty of Paris with England in 1763m ceding Florida to the British. The Catholic faith in Florida was then even more than suppressed. At the terminate of the American Revolution, however, the Usa government returned Florida to Spanish control. In 1821 Florida was purchased equally part of the United States.

in 1598 Don Juan de Onate led an expedition to constitute a colony in New Mexico. It consisted of 400 soldiers, x missionaries, 83 supply wagons and carts, and 7,000 head of stock. Onate went as far as Wichita, Kansas, and California. Onate's expeditions to New United mexican states became an economic drain and the victory of New Spain assigned Pedro de Peralta to build a new upper-case letter and to colonize. This was done. He named a site, Royal City of the Holy Religion of St. Francis, known today as Sante Atomic number 26 (Holy Faith). Santa Iron was founded in 1609 and became the headquarters for time to come missions in New Mexico. By 1625 there were forty-three missions and 34, 000 Christian Indians.

A Jesuit priest, Fr. Eusebio Francisco Kino, labored in the Upper Pima country, which is at present the Mexican land of Sonora and southern Arizona. Fr. Kino has been called "the nearly picturesque missionary pioneer of all North America â explorer, astronomer, cartographer, mission builder, ranchman, cattle male monarch, and defender of the frontier." His maps were the most accurate of the time, winning fame in Europe.

Fr. Kino's mission of San Xavier del Bac, not far from what is Tucson, Arizona, is at present a national monument, while all the same the parish church for the Pima Indians. Information technology is the finest example of Spanish Renaissance compages in the U.s.a..

Fr. Kino traveled thousands of miles on horse, e'er anxious to convert souls. Some of this trails became roads, and he kept journals of his extensive travels. His papers were preserved in the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. While Fr. Kino won the organized religion of the Pima Indians for Jesus Christ, he was ever sorry that he did not succeed in converting the Apache Indians.

Fr. Kino died on March xv, 1711, in poverty, every bit he had lived. He is venerated as a great American pioneer.

The crusade for canonization of Fr. Antonio Margil, who developed missions in Texas, has been introduced. 1 of the missions he founded most San Antonio (San Antonio de Bexar Mission) is still used as a parish church and has been declared a National Historic Site by both the country and nation. Margil is compared to Kino and Serra as among the greatest of Spanish missionaries.

The Spanish came to Texas beginning but met competition from the French, who came downward the Mississippi River from Canada. La Salle built Fort Prudhomme in Tipton County and Fort St. Louis in Victoria County.

Likewise San Antonio, the Spanish built the missions of San Saba, San Luis, and San Francisco de los Tejas (at present a lost site). The Spanish built their missions not just as churches for worshipers but to become self-sufficient communities with farms, cattle and ranches, and homes for Indians who worked at the mission â likewise homes for teachers, nurses, and guards. They built hospitals, schools, and guard posts as protection from Apache and Comanche Indians.

The Castilian crown withdrew support and in 1793 the mission of San Jos de Aguayo was suppressed by the Mexican regime. The Franciscans had to leave when the new Mexican government took over the missions in 1824, and with the passing of years the mission was neglected. San Jos, which had earned the name Queen of the Missions, began to be restored to its former beauty in 1912 when the archdiocese of San Antonio began a restoration program. In 1941 arrangements began whereby it was named a National Historic Site.

Fr. Junipero Serra (1713 - 1784)

Fr. Junipero Serra, the great missionary of California, has been named to the Bronze Hall of our nation's capitol for the country of California. Fr. Serrra arrived in the harbor of Veracruz, Mexico, on Dec 6, 1749, with a group of Franciscan missionaries assigned to evangelize the Indians of northern Mexico.

The Franciscans were welcomed in the New Globe missions. They avoided politicizing. The viceroy of Peru wrote to King Philip Ii: "They are the ones who preach the doctrine with the greatest care and instance, and the least avarice." This was especially true of Fr. Juniper Serra.

Fr. Junipero was known for his great oratory, and his keen philosophical heed gave him a reputation amongst scholars. Still, he requested an assignment as a missioner. He said: "I have wanted to carry the Gospel teachings to those who have never heard of God and the kingdom He has prepared for them."

His real missionary piece of work did not begin until he was 56 years old, afterwards he spent nine years among the Toltec Indians in Serra Gord and seven years as an itinerant preacher from San Fernando Higher in Mexico City.

Learning of California and the needs of its Indians moved him. He then received permission to begin mission work there. His motto was "Always forward, never back."

Fr. Serra walked whenever possible, in spite of poor wellness. He carried on a well-nigh heroic conquest of America for Christ from 1750 until his death in 1784, with no other weapon than a crucifix and the love of God. He converted the solitudes of California into an earthly paradise â where formerly trigger-happy Indian tribes attempted to annihilate each other in cannibalistic battles.

Fr. Serra founded nine important missions in California. His successors founded twelve more. The cities of California grew effectually these missions. San Diego, Carmel, San Gabriel, Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura, Capistrano, San Francisco â became centers of colonization and development in California.

Fr. Junipero Serra was always on the motion, back and forth between his missions, urging all to greater charity and zeal and encouraging new converts. Non satisfied with uncomplicated conversion to the Catholic organized religion, this great Franciscan priest and missionary taught the Indians a meliorate life by teaching them how to sow and harvest. He led in the development of farmlands and wine presses and helped build, with his own easily, forges, mills, and slaughter houses.

Fr. Serra one time walked two,400 miles to United mexican states Urban center to get retribution from the viceroy when a commandant of the Spanish military expert cruelty to the Indians. His expiry at Carmel Mission, on August 28, 1784, marked the end of Spanish extension in the United States in the pioneer missionary era.

five. Did religion go on strong in the hearts of people after the early pioneer days?

To some extent it did, but once the hardships of the pioneer days were over and the descendants grew wealthy from trade and agronomics, the old religious spirit weakened among Protestants. The spirit of the Enlightenment overtook them and Rationalism dominated in besides many cases, as many depended more on themselves than on God.

Thomas Paine, a leader of the revolutionary spirit, resembled in some respects the infidelity of Voltaire. Thoms Jefferson, who wrote the Declaration of Independence, was a deist who sympathized with the Freethinkers of France.

Catholics were blessed with heroic and saintly missionaries. Their religion continued to spread. In that location were three Catholics among those who signed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation: Thomas Fitzsimmons, Daniel Carroll, and Charles Carroll of Carrolton.

The Carroll family of Maryland played a great role in the foundation of our American nation. One of the cracking Carroll family unit became a priest, namely John, who was born in Maryland on January 8, 1735. On July i, 1784, Fr. John Carroll was appointed superior of the Catholic clergy in America. In 1789 Monsignor Carroll was appointed bishop, and was consecrated bishop of the United states in 1790, with his see at Baltimore.

When Bishop Carroll returned from England (where he was consecrated), he took a survey of his vast church. The showtime national census showed that in 1790 there were approximately thirty,000 Catholics in a population of iii, 200,000. There were fewer than 30 priests for the widely scattered Catholic population. More than half the Catholics, about 16,000, lived in Maryland; 7,000 lived in Pennsylvania; three,000 around Detroit and Vincennes, and 2,500 in Illinois.

6. How did the first bishop of the United states prosper in ruling the Church?

Bishop John Carroll (1735 - 1815)

Bishop John Carroll was subsequently named archbishop and he directed the Catholic Church in America for xx-five years. He called the first Synod of Baltimore, which set rules and regulations that had governed the Church until the present day. He founded Georgetown University, and when the Jesuit Order was restored in 1801, he asked the Jesuits to take over Georgetown.

Bishop Carroll influenced the Sulpicians to come to Baltimore and open the offset seminary in the U.s., which was named subsequently the Blessed Virgin Mary. He invited Augustinians, Dominicans, Carmelites, Visitation nuns, and the Sisters of Clemency to come to America to work.

Catholics began to immigrate to the United States by 1807. There were 14,000 Catholics in New York, compared with less than 100 seventeen years previously. The French Revolution collection many priests from France and they came to the Us and assisted Bishop Carroll.

In 1808 the Holy Run across elevated Baltimore to an archdiocese and created four new dioceses: Boston, New York, Bardstown, and Philadelphia.

When Archbishop Carroll died in 1808 at the age of 81, in that location were 200,000 Catholics in the United States and the Church showed signs of growing stability. Archbishop Carroll is attributed with being the spiritual leader and founder of the Catholic Church in the United States.

7. Did the early Catholics of the United states prove themselves loyal Americans?

Aye. When the Revolutionary war came they rallied to the cause of the patriots. At the fourth dimension of the American Revolution, Catholics were only about 1 pct of the population of the colonies merely they fabricated swell contributions.

Some Catholics rose to high positions, such every bit Commodore John Barry, who became Begetter of the American Navy. Many Catholics enlisted in the Continental army and the navy and a regiment of Catholic Indians came down from Maine. Catholic generals even came from Europe to assist the War for Independence.

General Washington wrote to Monsignor John Carroll that he recognized the important aid given by Catholics and "a nation professing the Roman Catholic Faith" in the institution of our government.

The loyalty of Catholics to their country, America, has been in evidence from the very early days and during its more than than 200 years of history.

viii. Did Catholics in the early years of the United States labor to found schools?

Yes. From the kickoff, Bishop Carroll and other bishops of the land labored to provide schools for Catholic children. The bishops met in Baltimore in 1829 and held the Commencement Provincial Council. They alleged: "We judge it absolutely necessary that schools should be established in which the young may exist taught the principles of faith and morality while being instructed in letters."

Priests who escaped France during its revolution and came to the United States established missions, opening Cosmic schools wherever possible.

nine. Who was the Apostle of the Alleghenies?

Prince Demetrius Gallitzin was ordained in 1795 by Bishop John Carroll. His begetter was the Russian ambassador to Holland and he was born in the Hague in 1770. Demetrius had been prepared for a military career past his father, who scoffed at religion as he was an admirer of Voltaire. The elder Gallitzin kept religion from his son and even destroyed his wife'due south faith. In danger of death, the mother of Demetrius, when he was simply 16, repented, called for a priest, and was reconverted. Upon her recovery she prayed to St. Monica, who in her own fourth dimension had prayed for the conversion of her son, St. Augustine.

Amazed at his mother reconversion, when he had been taught to ridicule religion and revelation, Demetrius told how his curiosity was stimulated: "I soon felt convinced of the necessity of investigating the different religious systems, in order to find the true one...My choice cruel upon the Catholic Church, and at the historic period of seventeen, I became a member of that Church."

Afterwards his conversion Demetrius continued his interest in military machine pursuits. Circumstances led him to come to America to offering his service to the infant army, but instead he became aware of the shortage of priests and offered himself to Bishop John Carroll to written report for the priesthood. He entered the seminary at Baltimore.

After his ordination to the priesthood, he traveled westward and settled in the Allegheny Mountains. He labored amongst the people of western Pennsylvania for forty-i years. He labored for the Church both by the spoken and written word in the cause of truth. He dedicated the Church building past writing, while all the while concealing the fact that he was a Russian prince.

Fr. Gallitzin congenital a mission center at Loretto, Pennsylvania, which grew to x churches and three monasteries. His work covered the present dioceses of Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, Greensburg, and Erie.

10. Chronicle the founding of seminaries in Kentucky and Missouri.

The showtime bishop of Bardstown was a Sulpician, Bishop Flaget. In 1811 he and some other Sulpician, Fr. John David, founded a seminary in Kentucky which consisted of a couple of log cabins, with the bishop living in one and the seminarians in the other. After they made bricks and cut forest to build a church and seminary building.

In 1817 the Vincentian fathers started a log-cabin seminary in similar manner west of the Mississippi in Missouri. It became Kenrick Theological Seminary of St. Louis.

11. What were other significant establishments for the early Church in America?

The diocese of Cincinnati originally included Ohio, Michigan, and the Northwest Territory. Its first bishop was Edward Fenwick, a Dominican who was appointed bishop in 1822. He established Archives Seminary, which afterwards became known equally Mt. St. Mary'southward Seminary of the W.

Fr. Sorin and 6 lay brothers of the Congregation of the Holy Cantankerous came to northern Indiana in 1841. They founded a college which was dedicated to Our Lady, and is notwithstanding known as Notre Dame du Lac.

In 1792 the Poor Clares came from France to open up a monastery at Frederick, Maryland. In 1801 they opened an academy at Georgetown, which later was taken charge of by the Pious Ladies, a religious order founded in the United states of america in 1799. This society afterwards became part of the Visitation Club.

12. What made the great growth of the Cosmic school system in the United States possible?

The self-sacrifice of good Catholic parents and religious brothers and sisters who labored for little, under a vow of poverty, made the Catholic school system possible. The early on American Catholics desired to provide teaching for their children, whether from rich or poor families. Laws were passed by American churchmen commanding parents to transport their children to Catholic schools whenever possible, and schools were established in all the states.

Many in the public schoolhouse system were affected by the false spirit of the Enlightenment in Europe and they did non want the churches to have any influence in the public school system. Catholics came to the support of their bishops and built schools of their own, edifice ane of the greatest Catholic school systems in the entire globe. The sacrifice was great because almost Cosmic parents were poor and they received no help from the state. Instead, they had to help support, through taxes, the public schoolhouse system.

Young men and women, dedicated to Christ and reared by proficient Catholic parents, left the world to join religious orders. These people became the backbone for the education of future Catholics in the United States Catholic school arrangement.

The Christian Brothers, the Brothers of Mary, the Marists, the Xaverian Brothers, and the Brothers of the Holy Cantankerous worked for the Cosmic teaching of boys. Communities of nuns multiplied for the education of girls, and in many cases labored for the Cosmic educational activity of boys and girls.

Largely, it was a strong Catholic schoolhouse arrangement which assisted the Cosmic Church in the U.s. to grow potent, with millions of devout Catholics.

13. Was the Cosmic press an important organ for spreading the true faith in the early years of our country?

At that place were some earlier attempts, short-lived and without much success, but the offset strictly Catholic newspaper in the United States was founded by Bishop John England of Charleston. In 1823 he founded the United States Catholic Miscellany. Thereafter other papers appeared nether Catholic sponsorship. The oldest however-existing Catholic publication in the Us is The Pilot.

In 1833 Fr. John Martin Henni of Cincinnati, who later became the kickoff archbishop of Milwaukee, founded a German weekly. A catechumen to the Church, Orestes A. Brownson became a swell defender of Cosmic truth when in 1844 he began publishing Brownson'southward Review every iii months. The Catholic World, a magazine, began publication in 1865 under the Paulist fathers, founded by Fr. Isaac T. Hecker in New York Urban center in 1858. Also in 1865, Fr. Sorin began to publish Ave Maria at Notre Matriarch. Although not strictly under official Church auspices, Der Wanderer was founded by the High german Matt family unit in 1867 and has continued as an English edition since 1931, The Wanderer.

In more modernistic times, Monsignor Matthew Smith founded the Denver Catholic Annals, afterwards called The Register and currently chosen The National Catholic Register. The national edition of The Annals began in 1924, although this paper had already existed for many years. Under Monsignor Smith it grew to a circulation of about 1 one thousand thousand, with the powerful pen of the monsignor campaigning for fair treatment of migrant workers, battling the narrow-minded Ku Klux Klan, promoting the rights of Mexican minorities, and promoting the Christian reunion movement. Monsignor Smith dedicated Catholic truth with his straightforward presentations in Catholic apologetics.

Some other crusading Catholic journalist was John F. Noll, born in Ft. Wayne, Indiana, in 1875. Ordained June 4, 1898, Fr. Noll from the outset was interested in helping Protestants to meliorate sympathise Catholicism. He felt that, if truth was known, bigotry would disappear. He began by publishing the Parish Monthly, which grew into a magazine. The piddling magazine grew to include neighboring parishes.

When Bishop Noll became aware of new and growing anti-Catholic forces against the Church (from publications such as The Menace, The Peril, and The American Defender) and that socialism, with its materialism, was gaining political strength, he attempted to gain the back up of the laboring class, to which Catholics largely belonged. Fr. Noll enlarged his newspaper and named it Our Sunday Visitor. In less than a year it had a weekly apportionment of 200,000 and eventually 1 million.

The Catholic press in the United States, similar the Cosmic school organisation, grew to be the best in the world and had bully influence on not only the defense just also the growth of accurate Catholicism.

14. Did the Catholic Church in the United States prove involvement in the Indians and black people?

The abuse of the Indians by the white man mars the pages of American history, as does the corruption of black people equally slaves. While the new American civilization was in many means an enemy to the Indians' nomadic fashion of life, the Church befriended the Indian tribes from the very showtime. Many historical accounts could be given of "Blackrobes" helping the Indians, and pregnant examples are the following.

The Cheyenne were sent to reservations chosen past the white conquerors. Massacres took place. Wherever the Cheyenne went, priests were there to administer to their spiritual needs and seek justice for them. These included the Jesuits, the Edmundites, and the Capuchins.

The Navajos, who roamed the Southwest, were a talented tribe who learned the Castilian language every bit they were Christianized past the first Spanish missionaries ; Franciscans get-go preached to them. Fr. Bernard Haile O.F.M. made the outset alphabet for the Navajo. His dictionary and anthropological works are all the same principal sources for knowledge about these people. The government tried unsuccessfully to remove these people to reservations in Oklahoma.

In Indiana, the Potawatomi Indians were under force per unit area of the government to exist removed to Kansas. When Chief Menominee refused, the Indiana governor ordered them removed by force. The attack came on a Lord's day morning, while the Indians, converted to Catholicism, were at Mass.

In South and North Dakota the Benedictines have labored long for the Indian people, every bit have other missionaries . The Benedictines still labor in the Dakotas, from their chief monastery, Bluish Cloud Abbey, at Marvin, Southward Dakota.

In 1824 the Jesuits opened a school for Indian boys at Florissant, Missouri, while the Ladies of the Sacred Heart opened a school for Indian girls at that place. Later the Vincentian fathers took charge of the Indian missions on the Mississippi River. The Jesuits took accuse of those on the Missouri. In 1840, Fr. John de Smet established missions among the Indians west of the Rocky Mountains.

In 1842, in New Orleans, Bishop Blanc founded the Sisters of the Holy Family unit to take care of black people, especially orphans and the aged.

In 1866 the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore met, with the bishops urging priests "equally far as they can to consecrate their thoughts, their time and themselves, wholly and entirely if possible, to the service of the colored people."

A big congregation of Negro Catholics formed St. Francis Xavier's Church in Baltimore, when in 1871 four young priests who had studied for the missions in England were put in charge. This marked the start of St. Joseph'southward Society for Colored Catholics â the Josephite Fathers. As the lodge grew, missions for black people spread throughout the S.

Mother Catherine Drexel founded a new social club of nuns in 1889. They chosen themselves the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament and devoted themselves to spreading the Catholic faith to the blacks and Indians of the Usa.

To the present day in that location are Catholic missions among the colored people and the Indians. The Committee for Catholic Missions reported in the 1970s that missions are located in xx-five states: 157 in the Southwest, 63 in the Northwest, lx in the Dakotas, 45 in Alaska, 36 in the Cracking Lakes area, and 40 in other states.

fifteen. Has the Cosmic Church building admitted blackness people to the hierarchy in the United states of america?

The start blackness bishop in United States Catholic history was Bishop James A. Healy

Bishop James A. Healy (1830 - 1900)

. He headed the diocese of Portland, Maine, from 1875 to 1900, and suffered much considering of his mixed beginnings. Born in Macon, Georgia, on April 6, 1830, Bishop Healy was the son of an Irish immigrant plantation possessor and a female parent who was a slave. The bishop's blood brother was Jesuit Fr. Patrick F. Healy, who became the 20-ninth president of Georgetown Academy in Washington, D.C. Another blood brother was Monsignor Sherood Healy, who became rector of Boston'southward Holy Cross Cathedral. 2 sisters of the Healy family (of ten children) became nuns.

Bishop Healy studied for the priesthood in Sulpician seminaries in Montreal and Paris, and was ordained in Paris in 1854. In his diary for the year 1863, commenting on the Emancipation Proclamation, which ended slavery in the rebel states, Fr. Healy noted "in that location were going to be terrible issues for all the freedmen to make their fashion."

In 1977 Pope Paul Six established a new diocese of Biloxi, Mississippi, and named Bishop Joseph L. Howze the get-go black bishop to head a diocese-appointed in the twentieth century in the United states of america. Bishop Howze had been auxiliary bishop of Natchez â Jackson in 1972 simply in 1977 was named head of the Biloxi diocese, formed from the diocese of Natchez â Jackson which had included all of Mississippi. In 1972 he was only the tertiary black person to become a Cosmic bishop in the United states. In 1975 the holy see named Josephite Fr. Eugene A. Marino, auxiliary bishop of Washington and the fourth black bishop in United States history.

By the 1970s the number of black Catholics was estimated to be more 900,000, in a total blackness population estimated to number more 22 million. There were 666 Catholic parishes that were entirely or predominantly black. These parishes were served by 1,014 pastors or banana pastors of missions and parishes. Likewise, the black population in more than contempo years has moved from the Southern U.s.a., until nearly two out of three Catholic Negroes now live in the largest Eastern, Midwestern, and Western cities.

16. Did Catholics find liberty from bigotry later on the Constitution guaranteed religious liberty?

In many cases, no. The idea that ane could not exist a good American and a good Catholic at the same time was introduced to this country from Europe. Unscrupulous politicians used it to their advantage in highly-seasoned to hatred of the Cosmic Church.

In 1837 an organization was formed, Native Americans, that apparently forgot that the Indian people are the natives. This system developed into the Know Nix Political party, and when a papal representative came to the United States in 1853, he was mobbed by its members in Cincinnati.

Persecution of Catholics resulted all over the country, and Catholic churches were destroyed. A Jesuit priest was tarred and feathered in Bangor, Maine. Riots broke out in cities like Louisville and St. Louis, and blood was shed. A motion was on to keep Catholics from belongings public function and having the right to vote.

Archbishop John Hughes, who was made bishop of New York in 1842, did everything he could to defend the Church building from this bigotry and intolerance. At first he tried to win public back up for Catholic schools. Realizing he was defeated and that, unjustly, Catholics had to pay taxes for education from which they did not benefit, he worked hard to build and staff a Catholic school in every parish.

Archbishop Hughes, the first archbishop of New York, connected to fight the Native Americans and the Know Nothing Party, at the same time demonstrating great patriotism for America. He eventually won support from fair-minded Americans who were non Catholic, but discrimination has never entirely disappeared from the American scene.

17. What was the discrimination represented by the Ku Klux Klan?

The Ku Klux Klan was a bigotry movement that was anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Semitic, and anti-conflicting. The American Protective Association (APA) outset appeared in 1887; it spread throughout the country but its primary strength was in the Midwest. Information technology sought to repeal naturalization laws, to forbid didactics of foreign languages in public schools, and to taxation Church property. This movement followed in 1915 when xxx-four men, meeting nether a blazing cantankerous on a mountaintop well-nigh Atlanta, Georgia, pledged loyalty to the "Invisible Empire." This was the origin (in modern days) of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Ku Klux Klan used murder, beatings, and tar and feathers as they spread hatred and misunderstanding. Membership was placed at i,200,000 by 1922. In 1925 it claimed 5 one thousand thousand members, living in every country, the Culvert Zone, and Alaska. Its symbols became the burning cross and hooded white figures. Burning crosses were sometimes placed in front of Catholic churches. In Pennsylvania, a court trial produced evidence of Klan-inspired riots, floggings, kidnappings, and even murder.

The Klan gained strength in the Democratic Party and is considered to have played a big role in the prejudice that hindered Governor Alfred Eastward. Smith, the first Catholic ever nominated, from being elected president of the United states in 1928. His presidential campaign stirred prejudice that brought wild anti-Catholic emotions into the open up. Among the extreme methods was circulation of a false adjuration, purported to exist the underground Knights of Columbus oath.

The 1960 presidential entrada of John F. Kennedy, the first United states president who was Catholic, was an occasion for anti-Cosmic prejudice again to surface. While the prejudice was non every bit severe as in 1928, the bogus Knights of Columbus oath again appeared, sermons were preached confronting a Catholic president, and false accusations were again circulated.

eighteen. Does anti-Catholic discrimination still go on?

Yes. Protestants and Other Americans Unite (POAU) has spread much anti-Catholic sentiment in recent years.

Show that anti-Catholicism is not dead was meet in May 1973, when demand for a Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights was noted. Patterned afterward the Jewish Anti-Defamation League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, it seeks to champion the rights of Catholics and the Beak of Rights. It seeks to make public exposure, where necessary, of anti-Catholicism and to negotiate anti-Catholic prejudices with offenders.

19. What canonized saints did the United States produce in its first 200 years of history?

St. Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850 - 1917)

Female parent Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917) was the first American citizen to be canonized (in 1946). Born in Italy, she founded the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Eye in 1877, settled in the United States in 1889, and became an American citizen at Seattle in 1909. St. Frances Xavier Cabrini labored among Italian immigrants.

Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton was canonized equally the first native-born citizen of the The states in 1976, when America celebrated its 200th birthday as a nation. St. Elizabeth Ann (1774-1821), a convert to the Catholic Church, founded the Sisters of Charity in the Us.1

Bishop John Nepomucene Neumann, who was born in Bohemia in 1811, was ordained a priest in New York in 1836. He became a missionary amongst Germans near Niagara Falls, then joined the Redemptorist Order. In 1852 he became the bishop of Philadelphia. Canonized in June 1977, John Neumann was the beginning U.s.a. bishop to prescribe Twoscore Hours devotion to our Lord (in the Blessed Sacrament) for his diocese.2

20. Have Catholics demonstrated their patriotism whenever the United States has been at war?

Yes. During Earth War I, although Catholics at that time were virtually 17 pct of the population, information technology is estimated that between 25 and 35 percent of the regular army and about 50 percent of the navy were Catholic. This is attributed to the fact that our Catholic schools have always taught patriotism. During this state of war, Catholic priests became outstanding equally chaplains, the best known beingness Fr. Francis P. Duffy of the famous Fighting Sixty-Ninth.

I of every four members of the armed forces was Catholic in World State of war II. Again, at least half of the navy was Catholic, as was a high percentage of the Marine Corps. Many Catholics received the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nation's highest decoration for heroic service beyond the call of duty.

In various wars of the United States, the loyalty and contributions of Catholics have been obvious. Catholics again showed their loyalty in the Korean and Vietnam wars. The fashion in which the Vietnam State of war was fought proved very controversial, although its anti-communism aim was worthy.

Patriotism, which is love of i's country, was taught past Christ, who said we should give our state its due. St. Paul wrote that we should be obedient to just say-so. Patriotism is related to justice and an ally of clemency, which requires united states of america to love our fellow countrymen. The Church, however, does not teach blind patriotism or excessive and inordinate amore for one's state, to the detriment of the rights of other nations. This is nationalism, which is opposed to the unity of the human race. In modernistic times, nazism, fascism, and communism are bearded and extreme forms of nationalism.

It is truthful that there take been many cases of great patriotism and heroism among non-Catholic chaplains, but it's a fact that merely four chaplains take received the nation's highest ornament, presented in the name of Congress for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the normal phone call of duty." All four were Catholics.

21. Has the Catholic Church in the United States had a record of befriending the rights of the workingman?

Yes. Cosmic immigrants made a large proportion of the working force in the United States and their bishops have long worked for social reform and justice in the conditions of labor. In the development of the labor motility, the Catholic Church has worked to protect the rights of the laboring man while, at the same time, protecting him from capitalistic abuses and exploitation by socialistic and atheistic forces. Communist forces take long sought to gain the favor of the workingman by deceit.

As socialistic groups attempted to have over the labor movement for their own ends, the Church has sometimes found itself in fragile positions, working to defend the social rights of the laboring forcefulness while not condemning labor organizations. Attempts were made, however, to make the Catholic Church building announced to be a friend of the powerful rich and the enemy of the helpless poor.

Cardinal James Gibbons (1834-1921) won the back up of another champion for the rights of labor â Archbishop John Ireland (1839-1918) of St. Paul and two other bishops. These bishops prepared a special document, examining the Knights of Labor to foreclose any misunderstanding that the Church was condemning the correct of labor to organize for their rights and against abuses. Cardinal Gibbons took the document to Rome with him in 1887, when he received the "cherry hat" for his cardinalate.

This endeavor won an official Church position that saved the workingman for the Catholic Church in the U.s., and had neat influence on Pope Leo XIII. In 1891 this pope issued his historic encyclical, Rerum Novarum.

22. What did the encyclical "Rerum Novarum" concern and how did the Church follow its teachings?

Rerum Novarum, by Pope Leo XIII, dealt with the weather condition of the working class and laid down the principles of social justice. After this slap-up, progressive encyclical, Catholic social doctrine has steadily presented successive authoritative documents.

An outstanding encyclical subsequently Rerum Novarum is Quadrogesimo Anno by Pope Pius 11, issued in 1931-twoscore years after the start great social pronouncement of the Church. These were followed by Mater et Magistra (Christianity and Social Progress) and Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth), past Pope John XXIII in 1961 and 1963. In 1967 Pope Paul VI issued Populorum Progressio (Evolution of Peoples).

In 1965, Vatican Council 2 issued the Pastoral Constitution on the Church building in the Modernistic Globe, which deals with the dignity of the human person, the problem of atheism, the community of mankind, etc. It also deals with the dignity of marriage and the family unit, civilisation and socioeconomic life, the political customs, and the fostering of peace.

In America, in particular, the Catholic Church has best identified itself with the welfare of the laboring homo, every bit leaders pioneered paths for social justice. Many Catholic bishops and priests have labored to implement the Church's social doctrines, outlined in official Church documents. Besides frequently, still, the social doctrines of the Church building have not been properly taught or implemented.

23. How did the bishops of the The states coordinate their efforts in a immature and growing country?

The bishops of the expanding dioceses met at Baltimore for seven provincial councils between 1829 and 1849. In 1846 they named the Mother of God, under her title of Immaculate Formulation, patroness of the U.s.. This was eight years before the dogma was proclaimed past the universal Church.

The first of iii plenary councils of Baltimore was held after the establishment of the archdiocese of Oregon Urban center in 1846 and the elevation to metropolitan status of St. Louis, New Orleans, Cincinnati, and New York.

Archbishop Francis P. Kenrick of Baltimore served as papal legate at the first plenary assembly, which convened May ix, 1852. Regulations were drawn up concerning parish life, liturgical ritual and ceremonies, administration of funds, and the teaching of Christian doctrine.

The 2d plenary council met from Oct 7 to 21, 1866, and was presided over past Archbishop Martin J. Spalding. It dealt with electric current doctrinal errors, norms for the system of dioceses, the pedagogy and conduct of the clergy, the management of church building property, parish duties, and general education.

The third plenary council, held from November 19 to December 7, 1884, was called into session by Archbishop James Gibbons (who was later named a central of the Church). It provided for training of a line of "Baltimore catechisms" which have served (even to the present) every bit a basic means of religious education. It called for edifice Cosmic elementary schools in all parishes, establishment of the Catholic Academy of America in Washington, D.C., (in 1889), and the six Holy Days of Obligation for the U.s..

The Holy Meet established an apostolic delegation at Washington, D.C., on January 24, 1893.

24. What organization of coordination have the Catholic bishops of the United States used in modern times?

In 1917, under the title National Cosmic War Quango, the bishops mobilized the Church's resources. Several years later information technology changed its name to National Cosmic Welfare Briefing. Its objectives were to serve every bit an informational and analogous agency of American bishops for advancing the works of the Church in social activeness, education, communications, clearing, legislation, and youth and lay organizations.

The system of American bishops was renamed the Usa Catholic Conference (USCC) in November 1966, when the hierarchy organized itself every bit a territorial briefing under the title National Briefing of Catholic Bishops. USCC carries on the work of the former NCWC.

The National Conference of Catholic Bishops elects ane of its members equally president for a term of 3 years. In many respects, the president of the NCCB becomes a principal spokesman for the Catholic Church in America, but he must piece of work in harmony with all the American bishops.

25. What have American Catholics washed to demonstrate their devotion to the Female parent of God as their patroness?

To demonstrate their dedication to the Mother of God, American Catholics in 1914 launched the project for the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception at Washington, D.C., in the nation's capital. The shrine, dedicated November 20, 1959, is the 7th largest religious edifice in the world, with normal seating capacity for half dozen,000 persons and up to eight,000 persons in attendance on occasion. Each year, approximately 1 meg persons visit the shrine, which is side by side to the Catholic University of America. The huge undertaking was financed by contributions from Catholics throughout the state.

The National Shrine of the Immaculate Formulation's many chapels are dedicated to, and depict, God'due south Mother under her diverse titles.

Summary

This chapter has taken us from the early on days of the English language colonies, when the rights of Catholics were not respected, to the end of the nineteenth century, when swell churchmen fought for the rights of the laboring man, who, with his family unit, fabricated the Catholic Church building grow from 30,000 souls in 1790 to over 50 million past the latter part of the 1970s. The affiliate has as well introduced us to the present era.

Catholics in the United states of america take often had to fight against bigotry. Although, in the nowadays day, Catholics are the largest single Christian trunk, much prejudice against the Catholic faith still remains, though it is not as trigger-happy as it was in the commencement ii centuries of our country. The celebration of the country's bicentennial in 1976 plant America beginning its third century with much residuum, if more sophisticated, bigotry.

Catholics have suffered when their rights accept been suppressed. A minority among Protestants, who represented hundreds of differing religious communities in the U.s. alone, Catholics take non always fought for their rights as well as they could accept. At the same fourth dimension, the struggle of Catholic leaders, among both the clergy and laity (every bit in the case of labor), has profoundly enhanced the homo rights of the unabridged land.

The Catholic Church has made great contributions in the The states in many areas â in its schools, its hospitals, and vast charitable works. Catholics have also made meaning contributions to scientific discipline in the United states. They have been part of the exploration of space, just every bit they were in exploring the New World later on the discovery of America. Catholics have also made meaning contributions in the United States in literature, the arts and social justice.

Questions for Discussion

1. Describe the kinds of restrictions Catholics met in the English language colonies.
2. What happened to the freedom of Catholics in the colony that was founded to give Catholics freedom?
3. What Catholic family played a bang-up part in the foundation of our state? Which fellow member of this prominent family held an important position in the early on Church in the United States?
4. What did the first bishop of the United states do to assistance the Church building prosper?
5. What did the early on Catholics in the United States do about schools?
6. Relate the story of the prince who became a priest in the United states of america.
7. What made possible the not bad growth of the Catholic school system in the U.s.a.?
8. Did the Cosmic printing have any influence on Catholic life during the first 200 years of our nation? Explain.
9. Has the Catholic Church building done annihilation for the Indians and black people in the United states of america? Explain.
10. What did the Know Cypher Party try to do?
11. Explain the purpose and activities of the Ku Klux Klan.
12. Has religious discrimination ceased in the United States? Explain.
13. Who were the beginning 3 canonized saints among American citizens>
14. Has the history of Catholics proved to be i of patriotism toward their land, the United States? Explicate with examples.
15. What has been the relationship of the Cosmic Church to the working class in the U.s.a.?
16. What could accept been the outcome of the relationship of the laboring people to the Cosmic Church building in the United states if leaders among our bishops had not developed deep insights to the problems of working people and thus kept the pope correctly informed?
17. What accept Catholics in the Usa done in the past century to manifest their love and devotion for the Mother of God?
18. Why was the Catholic faith so strong and why did its membership grow so rapidly during the first 200 years of our land?

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Source: https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/history/the-catholic-church-in-the-united-states-of-america.html

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